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Look at the work described by I. H. E. Nilsson and A. Losberg, "Reinforced Concrete Corners and Joints Subjected to Bending Moment," J. Struct. Div., ASCE, Vol. 102, No. ST6, 1976, pp. 1229–1254. It shows that hooked bars turned inward provide much higher moment capacity than hooked bars turned outward. ...
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