I've been waiting to see some answers to your questions. Perhaps we don't have enough community members yet.
In the US we are mostly depending on the private sector to do the right thing wrt carbon offsets. The topic has become politicized, with Democrats identified with global warming concerns and Republicans with opposition to taking any action. The Inflation Reduction Act is a huge step forward but addresses carbon reduction indirectly. I don't think it calls for offsets or credits (corrections welcome).
Pervious pavers have been slow to catch on, probably because of cost; however, with nearly everyone looking at increased flooding risk, we may see them used more often.
Bill Mc