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The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

  • 1.  The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-08-2019 09:59 PM
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    The Structural Engineering Licensing Caucus is this coming Wednesday, August 14 in Washington DC.  The idea behind the caucus is to provide a forum to discuss issues and ideas related to structural engineering licensing. I would like to start a around some of those topics here for those who are not able to attend.

    Should the 16-hour NCEES Structural Exam be considered a "Principles and Practice" PE exam (used for the initial PE license) or should it be considered a "mastery" exam with higher expectations of the examinees than that required of a newly licensed PE?                                                                         

    How have the various states/jurisdictions handled transitioning from PE to SE?  What are the ramifications of adding (or not adding) a closing end date to the transition (grandfather) period? 

    I would love to hear what your experience has been so we can bring that to the Caucus.



    ------------------------------
    Carl Josephson P.E.,F.SEI,M.ASCE
    PRIN STRUT ENGR
    Josephson Werdowatz & Assoc
    San Diego CA
    (858) 558-2181
    ------------------------------


  • 2.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-09-2019 08:34 AM
    The SE will continue to confuse the public and potential clients.  It has a focus on seismic design and load determination.  It needs to be limited in its application as a job requirement.  Not all projects are located in a region with high seismic activity.

    One example is a job spec which required "a qualified Professional Engineer with 10 years experience designing stairs."  I meet this requirement.  The client rejected my calculations because my stamp did not say "Structural Engineer."  I had to show him his own spec and explain that this is my field of expertise.  PE practice limits us to our field of expertise.  Is there any data indicating that there is a problem with PEs practicing outside their field?

    Straight out of college, working for a steel company, I would use the term "structural engineer" as this tells the general public what I do with little explanation.  As I have grown in my practice, I realize that "design engineer" or "construction engineer" may be more applicable.  Civil engineering as a general term is not a bad thing... it allows me to put on several hats as needed.  PE means you understand your own limitations of your practice.

    ------------------------------
    Chad Morrison P.E.,M.ASCE
    Professional Engineer
    Greenville RI
    (401)231-4870 EXT 2207
    ------------------------------



  • 3.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-09-2019 10:16 AM
    Just like everything else in IL, an acceptable signature for structural design is a hot mess. Architects can sign off on anything a IL SE can sign off on and an IL PE cannot sign off on anything structural based. You can take the NCEES PE exam with the structural emphasis, but if all of your verifiable experience is structural based, you'll have a tough time getting the board to actually give you an IL PE license. Additionally, all continuing education credits for your PE must be non-structural based if you are audited. We encourage young engineers to obtain their structural PE in a neighboring state that does not require an SE to practice structural engineering.Then, when they have the experience, we encourage them to obtain their SE.

    As it stands now, the 16-hour SE does require a higher mastery of knowledge than the PE and I think it should remain that way. What could be better handled is what limitations might be placed on a structural PE vs the SE. I believe western coast  states still handle this a bit differently than the midwest states. I certainly agree there are many things a structural PE could be and should be capable of safely designing. Perhaps building components vs systems, a 2-story or 3-story or low-rise limit, or if the company they work for is licensed in that state with an IL SE who may not be the signing engineer, but generally responsible. These might be interesting talking points.

    Chad, as far as a title, up until accomplishing my SE licensure, I always kept my signature as deemed by my employer, adding "Structural Engineering" behind as a specific department. Again, IL is a bit stuffy and legal minded against the small guy, so I wasn't about to use a definitive title like "engineer" unless I truly was one.

    ------------------------------
    Adrienne Coussens P.E.,S.E.,M.ASCE
    Project Engineer
    Peoria IL
    ------------------------------



  • 4.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-09-2019 10:17 AM
    Edited by Tirza Austin 08-09-2019 10:17 AM
    I agree with Chad's comments.

    Additionally I'll note that I've known some PE's who are very thorough ​with their calcs and designs (including one who was not a college grad but gained his PE by examination when that was allowed).  I've also met SE's who were less than thorough (complacent?  practicing beyond their expertise?) or who hadn't practiced in decades.  The point is that once someone studies for and passes the test, it's still not a guarantee that their work will be better than that of someone without an SE.

    I think there are bigger problems facing our field - among them codes that in some cases increase in complexity with little apparent value and the issue of over-reliance on software  (the latter sometimes being driven by the former).


    ------------------------------
    Greg Thein, PE
    Cleveland, OH
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  • 5.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-10-2019 08:41 AM
    Greg,

    Amen. You took all the words out of my mouth. I just passed the SE, the test is force based for seismic but displacement based methods are being used now, so my 'expertise' is not quite so relevant. As a bridge engineer, the test is mainly focused on building codes, so I can actually get all the bridge questions wrong in the morning and still pass. Furthermore, they don't even tell me what I got right or wrong, they just say I pass, so anything I got wrong I'll never know and declare myself an expert since I passed. The computer issue you mention is a huge issue in our industry, I am burdened with lazy computer output on a daily basis where the designs are obviously no good and nobody even cares since 'the program didn't give me any error messages, it must be correct'.

    ------------------------------
    Patrick Keenan P.E., M.ASCE
    Bridge Engineer
    Philadelphia PA
    (203)2131458
    ------------------------------



  • 6.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-10-2019 11:07 PM

    These are two different concepts.  SE is definitely a degree above PE when it comes to Structural Engineering.  Do we need it for everything?  Probably not.  We can expect someone with the SE to be a more educated Structural Engineer and certainly handle more complex subjects overall.  It is like comparing a Bachelor's degree to a Master's degree that is focused on a specific subject.  PE is certainly broader.  I would expect someone with the SE to be able to perform essentially anything we can anticipate from a PE on the specific subject of Structural Engineering.  I would find it redundant for someone with SE to have to take the PE if the subject to perform is Structural.  It is like having earned a Master's degree and skipped the formalities that you need for the B.S.  Similarly, I do find it redundant for a PE to need to take the FE by the way.   Yes, there are cases where the FE may be waived by a state, and then once you have the PE, you may need to go back to take the FE exam to be able to be registered in a different state.  Sometimes politics make no sense but it is what it is.  The point is that in the engineering discipline we would have expected things to be more clear.  Architects have a more simple and clear system than we do.



    ------------------------------
    Jason Charalambides Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE
    Assistant Professor
    Avant Garde Engineering LLC
    Baltimore MD
    (443)873-3378
    ------------------------------



  • 7.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-14-2019 11:10 AM
    Time to consider a new compulsory element in the licensing examination on issues of "complexity" in civil, structural and related disciplines on how design-intent can be translated into a correctly performing finished product. The main aim should be collaborative knowledge sharing, supported by easy access to online learning. There is nothing like a problem to drive learning and nothing like having a team of cooperative peers (from relevant disciplines, supported by online learning) to feed that process. As someone originally trained in architecture I confirm that this mostly comes down to having the confidence to ask questions an dare to cross "disciplinary" lines. I was reassured to read recently that AIA and NCARB have initiated a new forum to address the increasing complexity of our work and the need for better communication across disciplines. https://www.ncarb.org/press/aia-ncarb-help-launch-new-coalition-to-represent-complex-professions-and-licensing-boards

    ------------------------------
    Tim Clark, FRAS, R.A., M.ASCE,
    President Emeritus RIBA-USA,
    Deutsche Bahn Engineering,
    Bavaria, Germany.
    ------------------------------



  • 8.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-14-2019 01:09 PM
    If your emphasis in engineering school was primarily structural, and even with or without a follow up masters, At age 25 or 26 after the required experience (although that is now changing), why wouldn't one sit for the SE first?  And likewise, back in the 70's, there wasn't necessarily a primary structural tract where I went to school (Notre Dame), or maybe there was and I was not really sure what I wanted to be (actually I wanted to be a Sailboat Designer).  So for someone like me, the Civil test first worked out.  And as time went on (and recessions during which it was impossible to sell boats) I gained more structural experience and ended up taking and passing Struct I twice in order to pass it.  Probably many of us are daunted by the SE, but that is not true for everyone, so if you want it your first discipline test, so be it.

    I had the pleasure of taking the Fire Protection Disciple exam along with my daughter.  She was 24 and had a bachelors in mechanical and a masters in Fire Protection.  As she had done internships throughout college, she racked up her experience early.  Needless to say, she finished with 1 1/2 hours left in the 8 hour test and passed, I didn't.  I've gotten close over the years, 50 out of 80 twice, bot now that I am winding down my career it doesn't matter.  I thought I would have to hire her sometime.  She is now working a Civil Phd in Project Management, so maybe she can hire me.  I took the mechanical test when she and her brother were both in mechanical engineering as undergraduates.  Again, I thought I might have to hire them someday to help me or as a last resort.  He got bored with engineering and is now a Navy helicopter pilot.  He might never be a P.E., but his 3 degrees got him a spot in Navy Flight School just by finishing OCS. (Besides mechanical, he has a bachelors in electrical and a masters in fire,)  

    So don't limit your discipline thoughts and which to take first to what we think is unique to Civil PE vs SE.  You might know what your first job wants to be, but you never know what or where your second, third, fourth or last might be.


    ------------------------------
    Bruce Marek P.E., M.ASCE
    Owner
    Marek Yacht & Design
    Wilmington NC
    (910) 799-9245
    ------------------------------



  • 9.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-11-2019 09:56 AM
    I think there is no Mastery Exam. I would see the SE as an Advanced Practice Exam (borrowed from Nursing). For some States Advanced Practice starts at the doghouse rafter (Illinois) and for some at higher Building Categories. But this is a local decision. Advanced Practice is , so I think, the word to describe it.

    ------------------------------
    Tino Bretschneider Ph.D., P.E., S.E., M.ASCE
    Senior Engineer
    Elmwood Park IL
    ------------------------------



  • 10.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-12-2019 10:14 AM
    Thank you for reaching out to the broader engineering community in advance of your caucus. It is encouraging to see that you are seeking to find a consensus, but I find your questions somewhat alarming.  In today's political climate there is some pressure to reduce the obstacles to free enterprise and small business.  As a result, some legislators are seeking to re-examine and possibly reduce or even eliminate the licensure requirements for various professions.  Indeed this may be appropriate for certain licensed trades such as beauticians, hair dressers and masons, but that is a separate discussion.  As engineers, we are ethically obligated to prioritize and protect the public safety - a responsibility that supersedes legislative expediency or political correctness, and very much includes advocating for quality education of engineers, and defending a robust testing and on-boarding policies.  We need to hold the licensing bar high for the sake of the public who will necessarily rely upon the quality of engineering that we as a profession provide.

    As several have already stated, the PE exam can not be considered a mastery exam as it does and should continue to define the minimum requirements for licensure.  Said another way; if an applicant can not answer correctly enough practical questions to pass the exam, we (as both the engineering community and society at large) should actively disallow that individual from bearing responsibility for the design of a major structure, failure of which could jeopardize the safety of the public. 

    As I see it, the PE exam demonstrates an understanding of the general principals and practice of engineering (hence the name) and defines a minimum standard that applies equally throughout the country.  Because of regional variations in the design loading for wind, snow, rain or seismic forces, some jurisdictions may find this  minimum standard is not enough to assure public safety, and more specialized knowledge not tested in the PE exam is also required.  For example, Florida has adopted a more stringent wind code, and correctly requires engineers practicing in that state to understand these provisions.  Some New England states have local snow loading provisions that require special knowledge to properly interpret and apply.  Similarly, engineers lacking a working understanding of seismic forces and the unique design requirements they present should not accept structural design responsibilities in high seismic regions, and those states should require passing of the SE exam as an appropriate additional prerequisite to licensure.   

    I am very interested in the discussion at this Wednesday's caucus.  Will there be a summary paper?  How can I stay abreast of these developments?

    ------------------------------
    Peter McConaughy PE, ASCE
    Structural Engineer
    McCon Engineering, Inc.
    Kingsville, MD 21087
    (410)593-9535
    ------------------------------



  • 11.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-12-2019 01:44 PM
    The tension surrounding whether the NCEES 16-hour exam should be considered a "Principles and Practice" (i.e. initial PE) exam or an "Advanced Practice Exam" (thank you, Tino, for a better description) as it is used primarily in the Western States, will be with us for a while.  Currently, there is no simple solution.  It seems like the ACCA and EPE committees of NCEES struggled with that question this year.  I expect that this issue will be discussed in some depth at the caucus on Wednesday. 

    The consensus that seems to be developing is that certain types or classes of buildings should be able to be designed by a PE, whereas other types or classes of buildings should be designed by licensed SEs. That is the proposal by SELC that has been approved in concept by NCSEA, SEI, SECB, and CASE

    Yes, everyone needs to practice in their area of expertise but given the Dunning-Kruger effect, that line shouldn't be left up to the practitioners alone.  Even an "Advanced Practice Exam" tests for the minimum level of competency for that "advanced" level.

    I appreciate all of the comments that you all have been providing.  It helps take the pulse of what engineers are thinking about these difficult and complex issues.  Please keep them coming.

    I am not sure about a "summary paper" after the caucus but I'll see what I can do.  If you are in the area or planning to be in the Washington DC area on Wednesday, the caucus is open to anyone who would like to attend.

    ------------------------------
    Carl Josephson P.E., S.E., F.SEI, M.ASCE
    Principal Structural Engineer
    Josephson Werdowatz & Assoc
    San Diego CA
    (858) 558-2181
    ------------------------------



  • 12.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-13-2019 08:11 AM
    Edited by Tirza Austin 08-13-2019 08:10 AM
    What is the correlation between the number of claims per capita for structural engineering projects designed by PEs versus those designed by SEs?

    • If no SEs were needed to design the Empire State Building or the Twin Towers, what is necessitating the requirement for SE versus PE? Is there a real problem with PEs designing structures they are not qualified to design or is this just a perception that PEs are unable to comprehend the increasing complexity in the codes? The public is confused enough with the PE designation and I think they just get more confused with the SE designation as Chad opined earlier.

    ------------------------------
    Abieyuwa (Abi) Aghayere Ph.D., M.ASCE
    Avondale PA
    ------------------------------



  • 13.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-13-2019 10:12 AM
    As there are issues presented about the Empire State building built by PEs, I bring in the Parthenon hat was built by Iktinus and Callicrates who surely did not have a PE license.  It is important to recognize that research brings to surface a series of more and more solutions to complex issues.  Much of that is codified and we find it in the different manuals and code books.  I was looking at the wind load code of 1944 and compare that to what we have today.  In order to apply what we have today, it takes training and skill.  What we did in the past with less abbreviations after our names is a moot argument.  If any of us do not want to take the SE, nobody forces us.  If we want society to remain in the 1970s, we cannot turn time back.  The SE is a very specialized qualification that indicates that an individual possesses that skill level and it does not indicate that someone without it does not possess that skill level.  Similarly, if we hire a licensed plumber to fix our sink, we know he has taken some courses and he knows what he needs to do, although another plumber that has been doing this job for 30 years and has no license may be just as good or better.  That's all there is to it.

    ------------------------------
    Jason Charalambides Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE
    Assistant Professor
    Avant Garde Engineering LLC
    Baltimore MD
    (443)873-3378
    ------------------------------



  • 14.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-13-2019 10:54 AM
    We should compare it to medicine. All are physicians, but for my disk my preference is a spinal surgent. Same with PE and SE.

    ------------------------------
    Tino Bretschneider Ph.D., P.E., S.E., M.ASCE
    Senior Engineer
    Elmwood Park IL
    ------------------------------



  • 15.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-13-2019 03:47 PM
    Edited by Tirza Austin 08-13-2019 03:46 PM
    In the same vain of the PE vs SE discussion, will we ever get past a person having a degree in engineering or a person actively working in engineering to be able to say they are an engineer without it invoking someone to say that that could be misleading or construed as they are a Licensed Professional Engineer.  Over the years and multiple states, I have had seals that are simply Professional Engineer, Licensed Engineer or Registered Engineer, and maybe even Licensed Professional Engineer.  As well as a couple states that included the Civil designation.  When I first was studying for the PE in the 1980's I had Michael Lindeburg of PPI's civil cassette tapes.  Not sure if he could say it now, but if I remember correctly he summarized it somewhat as "no matter if you pass the test or not, you are an engineer"  assuming anyone listening to his tapes was a college graduate studying for the exam.  

    If you are filling out your Income Tax forms, you need to put an occupation designation.  Engineer isn't broken down to whether licensed or not, and their count comes up with way more engineers than licensed professionals in this country.

    As licensed P.E.'s we know what we have to do to submit a drawing, calculations, reports, etc. in regards to sealing and signing, and practicing in our areas of competence.  And when we are submitting plans in conjunction with a building permit, the building inspector or plan reviewer knows what drawings need to be sealed and signed.  Should be no confusion there.  I believe that anyone with an engineering degree should be able to call themselves an engineer whether actively pursuing a tract to licensure, in which the EI designation would be appropriate, or in non regulated or technical/ technical sales positions to use whatever descriptor and the word engineer that best conveys what they do.

    ------------------------------
    Bruce Marek P.E., M.ASCE
    Owner
    Marek Yacht & Design
    Wilmington NC
    ------------------------------



  • 16.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-13-2019 08:15 AM
    I think it comes down to an asterisk.  How do we describe ourselves.  PE is simple enough after our name in written correspondence.  It doesn't matter if it is Civil, the Old Structural I, Naval Architecture, or Mechanical (I'm a boat nerd and have all 4, so I rarely get questioned about being outside of my scope.)  Etc. Etc.  I did sit for Structural II back in 1998 but did not pass.  Before I got a chance to sit again for it, the Naval Architecture Exam came out and it was more relevant to my life.  Both my kids were studying mechanical engineering, so I took the Mechanical discipline test, with the machinery design for the afternoon section.  Not far fetched getting there from the multiple cross-overs with Structural I and Naval Architecture, and the hydraulics from Civil Engineering.  But with all of that, two simple letters can describe me.  PE.  No amounts of green building code monikers can ever equate to being a Professional Engineer.  I live in North Carolina.  Is the Structural I Discipline Test sufficient to call myself simply a Structural Engineer (SE) without modifying it with Structural I designation?  In conversations I feel comfortable saying I'm a structural engineer.  In writing should I be able to say SE?  Maybe, but more usually I stick with PE.  SE makes it more difficult on what you put out there and are licensed in multiple states, especially when some of those have specific Structural Licensing.  

    When I took Structural II, I was mixed in with the entire roomful of PE candidates.  At the time, someone taking Struct II was a rarity, and someone from the state board came over to meet me.  He also told me to ignore the general instructions, as that was when Structural was still an all written test.

    But all the while I was attempting various additional disciplines, I was still simply stated, a PE.  

    SO WHAT IS A CANDIDATE THAT PASSES THE VERTICAL PART OF THE 16 HOUR TEST, BUT NOT THE LATERAL. Or vice versa.  Do they have any professional standing other than EIT or EI?  Are we making it so that presumably some of our best and brightest have to go with some sort of asterisk that they are only partially finished with the structural 16 hour test so that they aren't really officially licensed to do engineer simpler structures?  Are they not usually competent at that point to call themselves a structural engineer?  Can they not even sign anything that is not the level of high seismic loading/multi story towers. NC coastal engineering for wood framed structures is predominantly wind loading controlled.  Seismic does creep in when you try to go something concrete, because of nearness to Charleston, SC. No matter what, at the end of the day, the public, through the building inspector or other AHJ just want to know that someone is willing to acknowledge, with their seal and signature, that it prescriptively or performance based complies with acceptable levels of engineering standards.

    The SE should remain as a Principles and Practices discipline test, at no greater or no less of a level of importance than any of the other PE Disciplines.    If you did your 4 years of experience straight out of college on high end structural projects in Chicago or San Francisco, then the 16 hour SE test is probably no greater of a concern to you, and probably even less tasking, than say a Civil who has predominantly worked  on Stormwater Projects.  If you have predominantly mixed Civil with coastal light framed wood structures, you will have a tough time preparing for the seismic lateral.  

    Are we ready as an organization for a Civil who took the afternoon Structural Depth portion of the Civil Exam to call themselves as a Structural Engineer, SE, with no other qualifiers to it? Should an old timer with Structural I with over 20 years since be considered a full SE?  (I still have some angst on not going back for Structural II, which would now mean sitting for all 16 hrs of the new Vert & Lateral Exam, but I am never going to aspire to engineer a complete Chicago or LA high-rise by myself now that I am 66 and presumably retired after finishing one or two more projects that always turns into one or two more projects.)

    Let the Structural Practice States CA, WA,  IL and Nevada keep their requirements for SE if they so desire, but don't let a few states put added burdens on all engineers who in the end have the same overriding task to protecting the public safety.  If I remember correctly, a New York judge long ago in a turf war between engineers and architects looked at their chartered purpose, and since both had the same goals of preserving life, safety, etc of the public, said their is no difference in an architect doing engineering and an engineer doing architecture.  The P.E. Test in the 1980's was even just do 4 ten point problems in the morning, 4 in the afternoon, any question if you could answer it, any discipline.  Seal just said Professional Engineer.  And by ethics we are supposed to work in our areas of expertise.  And their is nothing saying that our college major can be our only discipline or expertise.  We gain experience, we learn from our pdh requirements.  Try selling sailing yacht designs in a recession.  You quickly learn having a back up plan is good. Enjoy where your career takes you.  But don't limit fully vetted Profession Engineers from projects that are in their realm of education and/or experience.

    Bruce Marek, P.E.
    Wilmington, NC
    (An interesting side note: NC eliminated the retired PE designation because Engineers never really retire, and it wasn't worth having a class of engineers for $20 less.)


    ------------------------------
    Bruce Marek P.E., M.ASCE
    Owner
    Marek Yacht & Design
    Wilmington NC
    (910) 799-9245
    ------------------------------



  • 17.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-13-2019 03:25 PM
    I agree with some of the others here that the SE exam should be a mastery exam.​  The information covered in the PE exam does not get specific enough into design methods for structural elements in buildings.  Some states have written significant structures into their laws and require an SE for design.  A PE is good enough for smaller structures.  Regardless of who actually passes the exams, the intent is to provide a specific qualification for engineers that have the expertise to design more complex structures while at the same time meeting the building code.  I recently moved from the private sector to a reviewer at a jurisdiction and though we see a surprising amount of errors from both PE's and SE's alike (particularly in lateral design), we do expect a little more from the SE's.  In general, they tend to be a little more prepared and I personally feel that even if they may not be any more technically capable, they have taken the time to get the higher level of certification and are more concerned about fixing deficiencies we find in their designs.  Now that I am on the reviewer side of the fence and see how poor some of the work is that licensed engineers prepare and submit I am not in favor of reducing any licensing requirements, but I don't know how useful it would be to make the 16 hour SE exam the principles of practice exam.

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    David Tarries P.E., S.E., M.ASCE
    Structural Engineer
    Portland OR
    (503) 292-2250
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  • 18.  RE: The Structural Exam as a "Principles and Practice" Exam

    Posted 08-13-2019 06:12 PM
    Late in the day on Tuesday, so any comments may be moot at this point.

    I agree with most here, that the SE should not become a principles and practice exam.  We need less fragmentation in our profession, not more.  Just stick with a PE.

    ------------------------------
    Stacey Morris P.E., M.ASCE
    ETI Corporation
    West Memphis AR
    (901) 758-0400
    ------------------------------